Торрефикация — ресурсосберегающее направление термохимической переработки биомассы
Ключевые слова:
биомасса, древесные отходы, торрефикация, пиролиз, математическое моделирование
Аннотация
Значительные объемы накопления биомассы обусловили актуальность поиска путей эффективного использования ее энергетического потенциала на фоне кризиса невозобновляемых источников энергии. Один из таких путей — торрефикация, т. е. термохимический процесс пиролиза биомассы при медленном нагреве с выдержкой при температуре 200…300 °C с целью получения твердого углеродсодержащего продукта.
Выполнены обзор и анализ исследований в области торрефикации биомассы. Рассмотрены свойства биомассы и различные способы ее обработки для использования в качестве энергетического топлива. Проведено сравнение свойств неторрефицированных и торрефицированных пеллет. Последние по сравнению с исходными обладают повышенной теплотой сгорания, низкой гигроскопичностью, достаточной насыпной плотностью, хорошей измельчаемостью. Изучены основные технологии торрефикации и типы реакторов.
В среде Aspen Plus создана математическая модель установки торрефикации древесных отходов. Выявлено влияние удельного теплоподвода в реакторе торрефикации и начальной влажности материала на режимные параметры процесса: массовую долю углерода, переходящего в твердые продукты торрефикации, удельный выход, состав, теплоту сгорания и температуру пиролизного газа.
Установлена возможность организации автономного обогрева реактора с использованием химической теплоты пиролизного газа. На отопление реактора требуется 44% газовых отходов процесса торрефикации, прочие же 56% могут быть востребованы в качестве источника энергии в смежных технологиях.
Полученные результаты найдут применение при исследовании и конструктивной разработке реактора и установки торрефикации.
Литература
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2. Puig-Arnavat M., Bruno J.C., Coronas A. Review and Analysis of Biomass Gasicatio Models // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev. 2010. V. 14. Pp. 2841—2851.
3. García R., Pizarro C., Lavín A.G., Julio L. Bueno J.L. Biomass Sources for Thermal Conversion. Tech.-econom. Overview // Fuel. 2017. V. 195. Pp. 182—189.
4. Tsiliyannis C.A. Energy from Waste: Plant Design and Control Options for high Efficiency and Emissions’ Compliance Under Waste Variability // Energy. 2019. V. 176. Pp. 34—57.
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14. Nantao Wang , Hao Zhan, Xiuzheng Zhuang, Bin Xu, Xiuli Yin , Xinming Wang, Chuangzhi Wu. Torrefaction of Waste Wood-based Panels: More Understanding from the Combination of Upgrading and Denitrogenation Properties // Fuel Proc. Technol. 2020. V. 206. P. 106462.
15. Wannapeera J., Worasuwannarak N. Upgrading of Woody Biomass by Torrefaction under Pressure // J Anal Appl. Pyrol. 2012. V. 96. Pp. 173—180.
16. Rousset P., Macedo L., Commandré J., Moreira A. Biomass Torrefaction under Different Oxygen Concentrations and Its Effect on the Composition of the Solid by Product // Ibid. Pp. 86—91.
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20. Bridgeman T.G., Jones J.M., Shield I., Williams P.T. Torrefaction of Reed Canary Grass, Wheat Straw and Willow to Enhance Solid Fuel Qualities and Combustion Properties // Fuel. 2008. V. 87. Pp. 844—856.
21. Phanphanich M., Mani S. Impact of Torrefaction on the Grindability and Fuel Characteristics of Forest Biomass // Bioresource Technol. 2010. V. 102. Pp.1246—1253.
22. Felfli F.F., Luengo C.A., Suárez J.A., Beatón P.A. Wood Briquette Torrefaction //Energy for Sustainable Development. 2005. V. 9. Pp. 19—22.
23. Deng, J., Wang, G-J., Kuang, J-H., Zhang, Y-L., Luo, Y-H. Pretreatment of Agricultural Residues for Co-Gasification Via Torrefaction // J. Analytical and Appl. Pyrolysis. 2009. V. 86. Pp. 331—337.
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26. Grigiante M., Antolini D. Mass Yield as Guide Parameter of the Torrefaction Process. An Experimental Study of the Solid Fuel Properties Refer a Red to Two Types of Biomass // Fuel. 2015. V. 153. Pp. 499—509.
27. Cheng Qian, Qingbo Li, Zezhong Zhanga, Xiaofeng Wang, Jiaochan Hu, Wenjun Cao. Prediction of Higher Heating Values of Biochar From Proximate and Ultimate Analysis // Fuel. 2020. V. 265. P. 116925.
28. Nhuchhen D.R. Prediction of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Compositions of Raw and Torrefied Biomass Using Proximate Analysis // Fuel. 2016. V. 180. Pp. 348—356.
29. Bergman P.C.A. Combined Torrefaction and Pelletisation – the TOP Process. Utrecht, 2005.
30. Ferro D.T., Vigouroux V., Grimm A., Zanzi R. Torrefaction of Agricultural and Forest Residues // Conf. Proc. Cubasolar, 2004. Pp. 12—16.
31. Bergman P.C.A., Kiel J.H.A. Torrefaction for Biomass Upgrading. Utrecht, 2005.
32. Isemin R., Mikhalev A., Klimov D., Grammelis P., Margaritisb N., Kourkoumpas D.S., Zaichenko V. Torrefaction and Combustion of Pellets Made of a Mixture of Coal Sludge and Straw // Fuel. 2017. V. 210. Pp. 859—865.
33. Wen-Tien Tsai e. a. Conversion of Water Caltrop Husk into Torrefied Biomass by Torrefaction // Energy. 2020. V. 195. P. 116967.
34. Tumuluru J.S. Comparison of Chemical Composition and Energy Property of Torrefied Switchgrass and Corn Stover // Frontiers in Energy Research. 2015. V. 3. P. 46.
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45. Kleinschmidt C.P. Status Overzicht en Impact Analyse van Torrefaction in Nederland. Arnhem: KEMA Nederland B.V., 2010.
46. Shabangu S, Woolf D, Fisher EM, Angenent LT, Lehmann J. Techno-economic Assessment of Biomass Slow Pyrolysis into Different Biochar and Methanol Concepts // Fuel. 2014. V. 117. Pp. 742—748.
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52. Grønli M. Solid Fuel Characterisation. Methods, Equipment and Characteristics. Trondheim: Norwegian University of Sci. and Technol., Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2020.
53. Naveed S., Malik A., Ramzan N., Akram M. A Comparative Study of Gasification of Food Waste (FW), Poultry Waste (PW), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and Used Tires (UT) // Nucleus. 2009. V. 46. Pp. 77—81.
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Для цитирования: Валинеева А.А., Масловский В.А., Попов С.К., Свистунов И.Н. Торрефикация — ресурсосберегающее направление термохимической переработки биомассы // Вестник МЭИ. 2021. № 4. С. 22—36. DOI: 10.24160/1993-6982-2021-4-22-36.
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Конфликт интересов: авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов
#
1. Twidell J., Weir T. Biomass and Biofuels. Renewable Energy Resources. N.-Y.: Spon Press, 2005:351—399.
2. Puig-Arnavat M., Bruno J.C., Coronas A. Review and Analysis of Biomass Gasicatio Models. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev. 2010;14:2841—2851.
3. García R., Pizarro C., Lavín A.G., Julio L. Bueno J.L. Biomass Sources for Thermal Conversion. Tech.-econom. Overview. Fuel. 2017;195:182—189.
4. Tsiliyannis C.A. Energy from Waste: Plant Design and Control Options for high Efficiency and Emissions’ Compliance Under Waste Variability. Energy. 2019;176:34—57.
5. Poudel J., Tae-In Ohm, Sea Cheon Oh. A Study on Torrefaction of Food Waste. Fuel. 2015;140:275—281.
6. Zhikun Zhang, Zongyuan Zhu, Boxiong Shen, Lina Liu. Insights into Biochar and Hydrochar Production and Applications: A Review. Energy. 2019;171:581—598.
7. Chungen Yin. Development in Biomass Preparation for Suspension Firing Towards Higher Biomass Shares and Better Boiler Performance and Fuel Rangeability. Energy. 2020;196:117—129.
8. Biznes-plan Predpriyatiya po Proizvodstvu Pellet i Marketingovoe Issledovanie Rynka Pellet v Rossii 2012 — 2016 gg., Prognoz do 2021 g. [Elektron Resurs] www.export-ugra.ru/upload/%D0%91%D0%9F%20%D0%B8%20%D0%9C%D0%98_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B.pdf (Data Obrashcheniya 27.10.2020). (in Russian).
9. Batidzirai B., Mignot A.P.R., Schakel W.B., Junginger H.M., Faaij A.P.C. Biomass Torrefaction Technology: Techno-economic Status and Future Prospects. Energy. 2013;62:196—214.
10. Sobek S, Werle S. Biomass Torrefaction: a Brief Review. Innovative Solutions for the Energy Sector — Renewable Energy Sources, Microgeneration and Mathematical Modeling of Energy Installations. Gliwice: Silesian University of Technol. 2018:177—186.
11. Brachia P., Chironea R., Micciob F., Miccioc M., Ruoppoloa G. Entrained-flow Gasification of Torrefied Tomato Peels: Combining Torrefaction Experiments with Chemical Equilibrium Modeling for Gasification. Fuel. 2018;220:744—753.
12 Dengyu Chen, Zhongcheng Zheng, Kexin Fu, Ze Zeng, Jiajia Wang, Mengting Lu. Torrefaction of Biomass Stalk and Its Effect on the Yield and Quality of Pyrolysis Products. Fuel. 2015;159:27—32.
13. Wei-Hsin Chena, Chao-Wen Wang, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Pau Loke Show, Tzu-Hsien Hsieh. Torrefaction, Pyrolysis and Two-stage Thermodegradation of Hemicellulose, Cellulose and Lignin. Fuel. 2019;258:116—168.
14. Nantao Wang , Hao Zhan, Xiuzheng Zhuang, Bin Xu, Xiuli Yin , Xinming Wang, Chuangzhi Wu. Torrefaction of Waste Wood-based Panels: More Understanding from the Combination of Upgrading and Denitrogenation Properties. Fuel Proc. Technol. 2020;206:106462.
15. Wannapeera J., Worasuwannarak N. Upgrading of Woody Biomass by Torrefaction under Pressure. J Anal Appl. Pyrol. 2012;96:173—180.
16. Rousset P., Macedo L., Commandré J., Moreira A. Biomass Torrefaction under Different Oxygen Concentrations and Its Effect on the Composition of the Solid by Product. Ibid:86—91.
17. Kuz'mina Yu.S. Eksperimental'noe Issledovanie Protsessa Nizkotemperaturnogo Piroliza (Torrefikatsii) Granulirovannogo Biotopliva: Dis. … Kand. Tekhn. Nauk. M.: Ob'edinennyy Institut Vysokikh Temperatur RAN, 2016. (in Russian).
18. Chew J.J., Doshi V. Recent Advances in Biomass Pretreatment — Torrefecation Fundamentals and Technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev. 2011;15:4212—4222.
19. Arias B., Pevida C., Fermoso J., Plaza M.G., Rubiera F., Pis J.J. Influence of Torrefaction on the Grindability and Reactivity of Woody Biomass. Fuel Proc Technol. 2008;89(2):169—175.
20. Bridgeman T.G., Jones J.M., Shield I., Williams P.T. Torrefaction of Reed Canary Grass, Wheat Straw and Willow to Enhance Solid Fuel Qualities and Combustion Properties. Fuel. 2008;87:844—856.
21. Phanphanich M., Mani S. Impact of Torrefaction on the Grindability and Fuel Characteristics of Forest Biomass. Bioresource Technol. 2010;102:1246—1253.
22. Felfli F.F., Luengo C.A., Suárez J.A., Beatón P.A. Wood Briquette Torrefaction //Energy for Sustainable Development. 2005;9:19—22.
23. Deng, J., Wang, G-J., Kuang, J-H., Zhang, Y-L., Luo, Y-H. Pretreatment of Agricultural Residues for Co-Gasification Via Torrefaction. J. Analytical and Appl. Pyrolysis. 2009;86:331—337.
24. Wang G., Luo Y., Deng J., Kuang J., Zhang Y. Pretreatment of Biomass by Torrefaction. Chinese. Sci. Bulletin. 2011;56:1442—1448.
25. Akbari M., Oyedun A.O., Amit Kumar A. Techno-economic Assessment of Wet and Dry Torrefaction of Biomass Feedstock. Energy. 2020;207:118287.
26. Grigiante M., Antolini D. Mass Yield as Guide Parameter of the Torrefaction Process. An Experimental Study of the Solid Fuel Properties Refer a Red to Two Types of Biomass. Fuel. 2015;153:499—509.
27. Cheng Qian, Qingbo Li, Zezhong Zhanga, Xiaofeng Wang, Jiaochan Hu, Wenjun Cao. Prediction of Higher Heating Values of Biochar From Proximate and Ultimate Analysis. Fuel. 2020;265:116925.
28. Nhuchhen D.R. Prediction of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Compositions of Raw and Torrefied Biomass Using Proximate Analysis. Fuel. 2016;180:348—356.
29. Bergman P.C.A. Combined Torrefaction and Pelletisation – the TOP Process. Utrecht, 2005.
30. Ferro D.T., Vigouroux V., Grimm A., Zanzi R. Torrefaction of Agricultural and Forest Residues. Conf. Proc. Cubasolar, 2004:12—16.
31. Bergman P.C.A., Kiel J.H.A. Torrefaction for Biomass Upgrading. Utrecht, 2005.
32. Isemin R., Mikhalev A., Klimov D., Grammelis P., Margaritisb N., Kourkoumpas D.S., Zaichenko V. Torrefaction and Combustion of Pellets Made of a Mixture of Coal Sludge and Straw. Fuel. 2017;210:859—865.
33. Wen-Tien Tsai e. a. Conversion of Water Caltrop Husk into Torrefied Biomass by Torrefaction. Energy. 2020;195:116967.
34. Tumuluru J.S. Comparison of Chemical Composition and Energy Property of Torrefied Switchgrass and Corn Stover. Frontiers in Energy Research. 2015;3:46.
35. García R., Pizarro C., Antonio G. Lavín A.G., Bueno J.L. Biomass Sources for Thermal Conversion. Techno-economical Overview. Fuel. 2017;195:182—189.
36. Torrec [Ofits. Sayt] www.torrec.fi/index.php/ru/ (Data Obrashcheniya 09.12.2020). (in Russian).
37. Brachia P., Chironea R., Micciob F., Miccioc M., Ruoppoloa G. Entrained-flow Gasification of Torrefied Tomato Peels: Combining Torrefaction Experiments with Chemical Equilibrium Modeling for Gasification. Fuel. 2018;220:744—753.
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39. Kleinschmidt C.P. Overview of International Developments in Torrefaction. Proc. Torrefaction Workshop. 2011:9.
40. Schorr C., Muinonen M., Nurminen F. Torrefaction of biomass. Mikkeli: Miktech Oy, 2012.
41. Kiel J., Zwart R., Verhoeff F. Torrefaction by ECN. Proc. XX European Biomass Conf. and Exhibition. Milan, 2012.
42. Nhuchhen D.R., Basu P., Acharya B. A Comprehensive Review on Biomass Torrefaction. Intern. J. Renewable Energy & Biofuels. 2014;2014:1—56.
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44. Wild M. e. a. Possible Effects of Torrefaction on Biomass Trade [Elektron. Resurs] http://task40.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/t40-torrefaction-2016.pdf (Data Obrashcheniya 27.10.2020).
45. Kleinschmidt C.P. Status Overzicht en Impact Analyse van Torrefaction in Nederland. Arnhem: KEMA Nederland B.V., 2010.
46. Shabangu S, Woolf D, Fisher EM, Angenent LT, Lehmann J. Techno-economic Assessment of Biomass Slow Pyrolysis into Different Biochar and Methanol Concepts. Fuel. 2014;117:742—748.
47. Golubkovich A.V. Teoreticheskie i Eksperimental'nye Issledovaniya Kinetiki Piroliza Rastitel'nykh Materialov v Trubakh-pirolizerakh. Promyshlennaya Energetika. 2014;2:47—49. (in Russian).
48. Golubkovich A.V., Chizhikov A.G., Kozhevnikov Yu.A. Teplomassoperenos pri Pirolize Rastitel'nykh Materialov. Promyshlennaya Energetika. 2013;2:33—35. (in Russian).
49. Blackwood Technology BV [Ofits. Sayt] www.blackwood-technology.com/ (Data Obrashcheniya 27.10.2020).
50. Popov S.K., Svistunov I.N., Ippolitov V.A. Modelirovanie Vysokotemperaturnykh Protsessov i Ustanovok v Srede Aspen Plus. M.: Izd-vo MEI, 2017. (in Russian).
51. Tekhnicheskie Tablitsy. Nizshie Teploty Sgoraniya dlya Mnogikh Tverdykh Veshchestv [Elektron. Resurs] www.tehtab.ru/Guide/GuidePhysics/GuidePhysicsHeatAndTemperature/ComnustionEnergy/LowerCalorifical1 ((Data Obrashcheniya 27.10.2020). (in Russian).
52. Grønli M. Solid Fuel Characterisation. Methods, Equipment and Characteristics. Trondheim: Norwegian University of Sci. and Technol., Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2020.
53. Naveed S., Malik A., Ramzan N., Akram M. A Comparative Study of Gasification of Food Waste (FW), Poultry Waste (PW), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and Used Tires (UT). Nucleus. 2009;46:77—81.
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For citation: Valineeva A.A., Maslovsky V.A., Popov S.K., Svistunov I.N. Torrefaction: a Resource Saving Biomass Thermochemical Processing Technology. Bulletin of MPEI. 2021;4:22—36. (in Russian). DOI: 10.24160/1993-6982-2021-4-22-36.
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Conflict of interests: the authors declare no conflict of interest
2. Puig-Arnavat M., Bruno J.C., Coronas A. Review and Analysis of Biomass Gasicatio Models // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev. 2010. V. 14. Pp. 2841—2851.
3. García R., Pizarro C., Lavín A.G., Julio L. Bueno J.L. Biomass Sources for Thermal Conversion. Tech.-econom. Overview // Fuel. 2017. V. 195. Pp. 182—189.
4. Tsiliyannis C.A. Energy from Waste: Plant Design and Control Options for high Efficiency and Emissions’ Compliance Under Waste Variability // Energy. 2019. V. 176. Pp. 34—57.
5. Poudel J., Tae-In Ohm, Sea Cheon Oh. A Study on Torrefaction of Food Waste // Fuel. 2015. V. 140. Pp. 275—281.
6. Zhikun Zhang, Zongyuan Zhu, Boxiong Shen, Lina Liu. Insights into Biochar and Hydrochar Production and Applications: A Review // Energy. 2019. V. 171. Pp. 581—598.
7. Chungen Yin. Development in Biomass Preparation for Suspension Firing Towards Higher Biomass Shares and Better Boiler Performance and Fuel Rangeability // Energy. 2020. V. 196. Pp. 117—129.
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Для цитирования: Валинеева А.А., Масловский В.А., Попов С.К., Свистунов И.Н. Торрефикация — ресурсосберегающее направление термохимической переработки биомассы // Вестник МЭИ. 2021. № 4. С. 22—36. DOI: 10.24160/1993-6982-2021-4-22-36.
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Конфликт интересов: авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов
#
1. Twidell J., Weir T. Biomass and Biofuels. Renewable Energy Resources. N.-Y.: Spon Press, 2005:351—399.
2. Puig-Arnavat M., Bruno J.C., Coronas A. Review and Analysis of Biomass Gasicatio Models. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev. 2010;14:2841—2851.
3. García R., Pizarro C., Lavín A.G., Julio L. Bueno J.L. Biomass Sources for Thermal Conversion. Tech.-econom. Overview. Fuel. 2017;195:182—189.
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6. Zhikun Zhang, Zongyuan Zhu, Boxiong Shen, Lina Liu. Insights into Biochar and Hydrochar Production and Applications: A Review. Energy. 2019;171:581—598.
7. Chungen Yin. Development in Biomass Preparation for Suspension Firing Towards Higher Biomass Shares and Better Boiler Performance and Fuel Rangeability. Energy. 2020;196:117—129.
8. Biznes-plan Predpriyatiya po Proizvodstvu Pellet i Marketingovoe Issledovanie Rynka Pellet v Rossii 2012 — 2016 gg., Prognoz do 2021 g. [Elektron Resurs] www.export-ugra.ru/upload/%D0%91%D0%9F%20%D0%B8%20%D0%9C%D0%98_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B.pdf (Data Obrashcheniya 27.10.2020). (in Russian).
9. Batidzirai B., Mignot A.P.R., Schakel W.B., Junginger H.M., Faaij A.P.C. Biomass Torrefaction Technology: Techno-economic Status and Future Prospects. Energy. 2013;62:196—214.
10. Sobek S, Werle S. Biomass Torrefaction: a Brief Review. Innovative Solutions for the Energy Sector — Renewable Energy Sources, Microgeneration and Mathematical Modeling of Energy Installations. Gliwice: Silesian University of Technol. 2018:177—186.
11. Brachia P., Chironea R., Micciob F., Miccioc M., Ruoppoloa G. Entrained-flow Gasification of Torrefied Tomato Peels: Combining Torrefaction Experiments with Chemical Equilibrium Modeling for Gasification. Fuel. 2018;220:744—753.
12 Dengyu Chen, Zhongcheng Zheng, Kexin Fu, Ze Zeng, Jiajia Wang, Mengting Lu. Torrefaction of Biomass Stalk and Its Effect on the Yield and Quality of Pyrolysis Products. Fuel. 2015;159:27—32.
13. Wei-Hsin Chena, Chao-Wen Wang, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Pau Loke Show, Tzu-Hsien Hsieh. Torrefaction, Pyrolysis and Two-stage Thermodegradation of Hemicellulose, Cellulose and Lignin. Fuel. 2019;258:116—168.
14. Nantao Wang , Hao Zhan, Xiuzheng Zhuang, Bin Xu, Xiuli Yin , Xinming Wang, Chuangzhi Wu. Torrefaction of Waste Wood-based Panels: More Understanding from the Combination of Upgrading and Denitrogenation Properties. Fuel Proc. Technol. 2020;206:106462.
15. Wannapeera J., Worasuwannarak N. Upgrading of Woody Biomass by Torrefaction under Pressure. J Anal Appl. Pyrol. 2012;96:173—180.
16. Rousset P., Macedo L., Commandré J., Moreira A. Biomass Torrefaction under Different Oxygen Concentrations and Its Effect on the Composition of the Solid by Product. Ibid:86—91.
17. Kuz'mina Yu.S. Eksperimental'noe Issledovanie Protsessa Nizkotemperaturnogo Piroliza (Torrefikatsii) Granulirovannogo Biotopliva: Dis. … Kand. Tekhn. Nauk. M.: Ob'edinennyy Institut Vysokikh Temperatur RAN, 2016. (in Russian).
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19. Arias B., Pevida C., Fermoso J., Plaza M.G., Rubiera F., Pis J.J. Influence of Torrefaction on the Grindability and Reactivity of Woody Biomass. Fuel Proc Technol. 2008;89(2):169—175.
20. Bridgeman T.G., Jones J.M., Shield I., Williams P.T. Torrefaction of Reed Canary Grass, Wheat Straw and Willow to Enhance Solid Fuel Qualities and Combustion Properties. Fuel. 2008;87:844—856.
21. Phanphanich M., Mani S. Impact of Torrefaction on the Grindability and Fuel Characteristics of Forest Biomass. Bioresource Technol. 2010;102:1246—1253.
22. Felfli F.F., Luengo C.A., Suárez J.A., Beatón P.A. Wood Briquette Torrefaction //Energy for Sustainable Development. 2005;9:19—22.
23. Deng, J., Wang, G-J., Kuang, J-H., Zhang, Y-L., Luo, Y-H. Pretreatment of Agricultural Residues for Co-Gasification Via Torrefaction. J. Analytical and Appl. Pyrolysis. 2009;86:331—337.
24. Wang G., Luo Y., Deng J., Kuang J., Zhang Y. Pretreatment of Biomass by Torrefaction. Chinese. Sci. Bulletin. 2011;56:1442—1448.
25. Akbari M., Oyedun A.O., Amit Kumar A. Techno-economic Assessment of Wet and Dry Torrefaction of Biomass Feedstock. Energy. 2020;207:118287.
26. Grigiante M., Antolini D. Mass Yield as Guide Parameter of the Torrefaction Process. An Experimental Study of the Solid Fuel Properties Refer a Red to Two Types of Biomass. Fuel. 2015;153:499—509.
27. Cheng Qian, Qingbo Li, Zezhong Zhanga, Xiaofeng Wang, Jiaochan Hu, Wenjun Cao. Prediction of Higher Heating Values of Biochar From Proximate and Ultimate Analysis. Fuel. 2020;265:116925.
28. Nhuchhen D.R. Prediction of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Compositions of Raw and Torrefied Biomass Using Proximate Analysis. Fuel. 2016;180:348—356.
29. Bergman P.C.A. Combined Torrefaction and Pelletisation – the TOP Process. Utrecht, 2005.
30. Ferro D.T., Vigouroux V., Grimm A., Zanzi R. Torrefaction of Agricultural and Forest Residues. Conf. Proc. Cubasolar, 2004:12—16.
31. Bergman P.C.A., Kiel J.H.A. Torrefaction for Biomass Upgrading. Utrecht, 2005.
32. Isemin R., Mikhalev A., Klimov D., Grammelis P., Margaritisb N., Kourkoumpas D.S., Zaichenko V. Torrefaction and Combustion of Pellets Made of a Mixture of Coal Sludge and Straw. Fuel. 2017;210:859—865.
33. Wen-Tien Tsai e. a. Conversion of Water Caltrop Husk into Torrefied Biomass by Torrefaction. Energy. 2020;195:116967.
34. Tumuluru J.S. Comparison of Chemical Composition and Energy Property of Torrefied Switchgrass and Corn Stover. Frontiers in Energy Research. 2015;3:46.
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45. Kleinschmidt C.P. Status Overzicht en Impact Analyse van Torrefaction in Nederland. Arnhem: KEMA Nederland B.V., 2010.
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52. Grønli M. Solid Fuel Characterisation. Methods, Equipment and Characteristics. Trondheim: Norwegian University of Sci. and Technol., Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2020.
53. Naveed S., Malik A., Ramzan N., Akram M. A Comparative Study of Gasification of Food Waste (FW), Poultry Waste (PW), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and Used Tires (UT). Nucleus. 2009;46:77—81.
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For citation: Valineeva A.A., Maslovsky V.A., Popov S.K., Svistunov I.N. Torrefaction: a Resource Saving Biomass Thermochemical Processing Technology. Bulletin of MPEI. 2021;4:22—36. (in Russian). DOI: 10.24160/1993-6982-2021-4-22-36.
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Conflict of interests: the authors declare no conflict of interest
Опубликован
2020-11-22
Выпуск
Раздел
Промышленная теплоэнергетика (05.14.04)
