Недостатки баромембранных методов водоподготовки и способы их устранения в мировой практике
Ключевые слова:
баромембранные методы, отложения, концентрат, химическая очистка, утилизация стоков
Аннотация
Подробно рассмотрены критичные проблемы, возникающие при работе баромембранных установок, а именно, отложения на мембранах и большой объем стоков концентрата. Отложения на мембранах разделены на органические, неорганические, коллоидные и микробиологические. Для каждого типа подробно описаны физические и химические свойства, механизмы образования. Представлены способы борьбы с отложениями. К ключевым решениям можно отнести проведение мероприятий по предподготовке воды — традиционные способы предочистки, включающие коагуляцию, осветление, флокуляцию, окисление, адсорбцию, и мембранные — микрофильтрацию, ультрафильтрацию, нанофильтрацию. Самым эффективным способом предочистки является сочетание традиционных способов с мембранными.
Качество предочистки исходной воды напрямую зависит от типа реагента (окислителя, коагулянта, адсорбента и т. п.), объема, способа и места его дозирования, химических свойств (гидрофильности, молекулярной массы, плотности заряда и размеров молекул) удаляемых примесей, особенностей мембраны (гидрофобности, заряда и структуры поверхности) и показателей самой воды (ионной силы и pH).
Представлены физические и химические методы очистки мембранных загрязнений, приведена классификация отмывочных химических реагентов и механизмы их воздействия на отложения различных типов. Предложены рекомендации по выбору реагентов. Для решения проблемы утилизации сточных вод изучены известные и применяемые на практике на объектах теплоэнергетики России методы снижения объема концентрата баромембранных установок. В качестве модели замкнутой системы водопользования на базе мембранных технологий взята «бессточная» схема водоподготовки для Казанской ТЭЦ-2. Залогом успешной работы оборудования с высокими экономическими показателями является тщательный предварительный анализ, математические, физические и химические расчеты и моделирование работы установок, основанные на мировом научном опыте.
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Для цитирования: Филимонова А.А., Аракелян Э.К., Чичирова Н.Д., Чичиров А.А., Саитов С.Р., Бускин Р.В. Недостатки баромембранных методов водоподготовки и способы их устранения в мировой практике // Вестник МЭИ. 2020. № 4. С. 98—112. DOI: 10.24160/1993-6982-2020-4-98-112.
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39. Lay W.C.L., Liu Y., Fane A.G. Impacts of Salinity on the Performance of High Retention Membrane Bioreactors for Water Reclamation: a Review. Water Research. 2010;44(1):21—40.
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57. Farahbakhsh K., Svrcek C., Guest R.K., Smith D.W. A Review of the Impact of Chemical Pretreatment on Low Pressure Water Treatment Membranes. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2004;3(4):237—253.
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Для цитирования: Филимонова А.А., Аракелян Э.К., Чичирова Н.Д., Чичиров А.А., Саитов С.Р., Бускин Р.В. Недостатки баромембранных методов водоподготовки и способы их устранения в мировой практике // Вестник МЭИ. 2020. № 4. С. 98—112. DOI: 10.24160/1993-6982-2020-4-98-112.
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For citation: Filimonova A.A., Arakelyan E.K., Chichirova N.D., Chichirov A.A., Saitov S.R., Buskin R.V. The Drawbacks of Baromembrane Water Treatment Technologies and Methods Used around the World for Eliminating Them. Bulletin of MPEI. 2020;4:98—112. (in Russian). DOI: 10.24160/1993-6982-2020-4-98-112.
Опубликован
2019-11-10
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Тепловые электрические станции, их энергетические системы и агрегаты (05.14.14)
