Open Service Cooling Water Supply Systems of Nuclear Power Plants as Environmental Regulators of Natural-Technical Systems
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2020-2-11-18Keywords:
cooling water reservoir, ecological regulator, natural-technical system, NPP service cooling water supply systems, ecological conditionsAbstract
A fundamentally new vision of the ecological role of nuclear power facilities is substantiated. The materials given in the article are intended for a wide range of specialists working in this field and interested in forming an adequate image of their activities.
Nowadays, lack of an unbiased and comprehensive assessment of the impact of nuclear power facilities on the environment does not make it possible to firmly argue against false information disseminated in the society. One of the arguments often used by opponents of nuclear power is that discharged spent cooling water has a negative impact on the environment. As a rule, these statements remain without having been duly refuted. This article is intended to change the situation.
The results of the authors’ long-standing work on studying the ecological condition of cooling water reservoirs at Russian nuclear power plants (NPPs) served as the main factual material for this article. According to the data received, the spent cooling water discharged from the NPP service cooling water systems often has better quality than that of the initial cooling water supplied to them. Owing to artificial heating of water in fresh and marine water bodies, they gain enhanced levels of biological productivity and biodiversity. In addition, the positive aspects of service cooling water supply systems can be further enhanced by developing environmentally oriented innovative solutions both at the stage of NPP designing and during their operation. An extensive set of various economic facilities can be developed by using the service cooling water supply systems of NPPs as a basis. Thus, by arranging controlled supply of heated water, conditions for setting up manageable natural-technical systems are created. In developing countries, this will make it possible to solve the problems of insufficient food and water consumption resources. The implementation of these capabilities in elaborating pre-investment, pre-design, and design documentation for NPPs will help improve the competitiveness of nuclear power and the environmental safety of its facilities.
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Для цитирования: Суздалева А.Л., Безносов В.Н., Кучкина М.А. Открытые системы техводоснабжения атомных электрических стан¬ций как экологические регуляторы природно-технических систем // Вестник МЭИ. 2020. № 2. С. 11—18. DOI: 10.24160/1993-6982¬2020-2-11-18.
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For citation: Suzdaleva A.L., Beznosov V.N., Kuchkina M.A. Open Service Cooling Water Supply Systems of Nuclear Power Plants as Environmental Regulators of Natural-Technical Systems. Bulletin of MPEI. 2020;2:11—18. (in Russian). DOI: 10.24160/1993-6982¬2020-2-11-18.
2. Суздалева А.Л., Горюнова С.В. Окна Овертона в развитии современной концепции биосферы и решении глобальных экологических проблем // Биосфера. 2015. Т. 7. № 4. С. 429—449.
3. Kim C.-K., Chung Y. Dynamics of Nuclear Power Policy in the Post-Fukushima Era: Interest Structure and Politicisation in Japan, Taiwan and Korea // Asian Studies Rev. 2018. V. 42. No. 1. Pp. 107—124.
4. Федоров М.П., Суздалева А.Л. Экологическая оптимизация гидроэнергетики как альтернативная стратегия охраны окружающей среды // Гидротехническое строительство. 2014. № 3. С. 10—15.
5. Lawrence A., Sovacool B., Stirling A. Nuclear Energy and Path Dependence in: Coherence or Continued Divergence? // Clim. Policy. 2016. No. 16. Pp. 622—641.
6. Davis L., Hausman C. Market Impacts of a Nuclear Power Plant Closure // American Economic J.: Appl. Economics. 2016. V. 8. No. 2. Pp. 92—122.
7. Суздалева А.Л. Улучшение общего и экологического имиджа объектов атомной энергетики // Известия высших учебных заведений. Серия «Ядерная энергетика». 2017. № 1. С. 147—155.
8. Суздалева А.Л., Горюнова С.В. Техногенез и деградация поверхностных водных объектов. М.: ИД Энергия, 2014.
9. Coutant C.C. Cold Shock to Aquatic Organisms: Guidance for Powerplant Siting, Design and Operation // Nuclear Safety. 1977. V. 18. No. 3. Pp. 329—342.
10. Суздалева А.Л. Создание управляемых природно-технических систем. М.: ИД Энергия, 2016.
11. Федоров М.П., Суздалева А.Л. Гидротехническое строительство как основа устойчивого развития // Гидротехническое строительство. 2014. № 11. С. 27—30.
12. Rahimifard S., Trollman H. UN Sustainable Development Goals: an Engineering Perspective // Intern. J. Sustainable Eng. 2018. V. 11. No. 1. Pp. 1—3.
13. McMahon J., Docherty A., Gentner S. Cooling System Effects on Plankton // Environmental Effects of Cooling Systems. Report of a Coordinated Research Programme on Physical and Biological Effects on the Environment of Cooling Systems and Thermal Discharges from Nuclear Power Stations. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1980. Pp. 49—56.
14. Leeper D.A., Taylor B.E. Plankton Composition, Abundance and Dynamics in a Severely Stressed Cooling Reservoir // J. Plankton Research. 1995. V. 17. No. 4. Pp. 821—843.
15. Beitinger T.L., Bennet W.A., McCauley R.W. Temperature Tolerances of North American Freshwater Fishes Exposed to Dynamic Changes in Temperature // Environ. Biol. Fish. 2000. V. 58. No. 3. Pp. 237—275.
16. Kolehmainen S.E., Martin F.D., Schroeder P.B. Thermal Studies on Tropical Marine Ecosystems in Puerto Rico // Environmental Effects of Cooling Systems at Nuclear Power Plants. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1975. Рp. 409—422.
17. Суздалева А.Л., Безносов В.Н. Экстремальные техногенные воздействия на окружающую среду: классификация и критерии оценки // Доклады Московского общества испытателей природы. М.: Графикон-принт, 2005. Т. 36. С. 134—136.
18. Мордухай-Болтовской Ф.Д. Проблема влияния тепловых и атомных электростанций на гидробиологический режим водоемов (обзор) // Экология организмов водохранилищ-охладителей. Л.: Наука, 1975. С. 7—69.
19. McMahon J. Biological Effects of Thermal Discharges in Tropical Regions // Environmental Effects of Cooling Systems. Report of a Coordinated Research Programme on Physical and Biological Effects on the Environment of Cooling Systems and Thermal Discharges from Nuclear Power Stations. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1980. Pp. 169—172.
20. McMahon J.W., Docherty A.E. Phytoplankton and Cooling Systems: Temperature Effects Using Different Intake and Discharge Depths // Wat. Res. 1978. No. 12. Pp. 925—929.
21. Суздалева А.Л., Безносов В.Н. Изменение гидрологической структуры водоемов и сукцессия водных биоценозов при их превращении в водоемы-охладители атомной (тепловой) электростанции // Инженерная экология. 2000. № 2. С. 47—55.
22. Безносов В.Н., Суздалева А.Л. Сукцессионное развитие экосистем техногенных водоемов // Антропогенные влияния на водные экосистемы. М.: Товарищество научных изданий КМК, 2005. С. 120—129.
23. Суздалева А.Л., Попов А.В., Кучкина М.А., Фомин Д.В., Минин Д.В. Изменение химического состава воды и планктона при прохождении через систему технического водоснабжения АЭС // Безопасность энергетических сооружений. М.: НИИЭС, 2007. Вып. 16. С. 201—215.
24. Evans M.S., Warren G.J., Page D.I. The Effects of Power Plant Passage on Zooplankton Mortalities: Eight Years of Study at the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant // Wat. Res. 1986. V. 20. No. 6. Pp. 725—734.
25. Aldridge D.C., Elliott P., Moggridge G.D. Microencapsulated Biobullets for the Control of Biofouling Zebra Mussels // Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006. V. 40. No. 3. Pp. 975—979.
26. Koschel R., Mothes, G., Casper S.J. The Nuclear Power Plant and Its Role in the Life of Lake Stechlin // Lake Stechlin – a Temperate Oligotrophic Lake. Boston, 1985. V. 58. Pp. 419—432.
27. Wang Y.S., Lou Z.P., Sun C.C. Sun S. Ecological Environment Changes in Daya Bay, China, from 1982 to 2004 // Marine Pollution Bull. 2008. V. 56. No. 11. Pp. 1871—1879.
28. IIus E., Keskitalo J. The Response of Phytoplankton to Increased Temperature in the Loviisa Archipelago, Gulf of Finland // Boreal Env. Res. 2008. No. 13. Pp. 503—516.
29. Merriman D. The Calefaction of a River // Sci. Amer. 1970. V. 222. No. 5. Pp. 42—52.
30. Кучкина М.А., Безносов В.Н. Исследование процессов загрязнения и самоочищения в природно-техногенной системе водоема-охладителя АЭС // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: «Экология и безопасность жизнедеятельности». 2012. № 3. С. 48—52.
31. Безносов В.Н., Суздалева А.Л. Возможные изменения водной биоты в период глобального потепления климата // Водные ресурсы. 2004. Т. 31. № 4. С. 498—503.
32. Quevedo L., Ibáñez C., Caiola N., Mateu D. Effects of Thermal Pollution on Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities of Large Mediterranean River // J. Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2018. No. 6(2). Pp. 500—507.
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Для цитирования: Суздалева А.Л., Безносов В.Н., Кучкина М.А. Открытые системы техводоснабжения атомных электрических стан¬ций как экологические регуляторы природно-технических систем // Вестник МЭИ. 2020. № 2. С. 11—18. DOI: 10.24160/1993-6982¬2020-2-11-18.
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For citation: Suzdaleva A.L., Beznosov V.N., Kuchkina M.A. Open Service Cooling Water Supply Systems of Nuclear Power Plants as Environmental Regulators of Natural-Technical Systems. Bulletin of MPEI. 2020;2:11—18. (in Russian). DOI: 10.24160/1993-6982¬2020-2-11-18.
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Published
2020-03-06
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Section
Energy Systems and Complexes (05.14.01)
